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rabbit polyclonal anti mglur6 (Novus Biologicals)

Name: rabbit polyclonal anti mglur6
Brand: Novus Biologicals
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Novus Biologicals rabbit polyclonal anti mglur6

Rabbit Polyclonal Anti Mglur6, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 91/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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1) Product Images from "A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation"

Article Title: A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation

Journal: iScience

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103657

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Techniques Used: Control, Recombinant, Knock-Out, Software, Imaging

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Journal: iScience

Article Title: A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103657

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Article Snippet: Rabbit polyclonal anti-mGluR6 , Novus Biologicals , Cat#NLS4655 RRID: AB_343723.

Techniques: Control, Recombinant, Knock-Out, Software, Imaging

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca 2+ Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3701-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibodies and labeling reagents

Article Snippet: More details on the antibodies used are given in . table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Antibodies/reagents Source Dilution used Secondary antibody Dilution used Antibodies used for Western blotting GCAP2 6th immune serum Rabbit polyclonal 1:1000 GAR-POX; Sigma, cat. #A6154 1:10,000 GCAP2(A1); Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat. #SC-59543 Mouse monoclonal 1:1000 GAM-POX; Sigma, cat. #A3673 1:10,000 U2656 ( Schmitz et al., 2000 ) Rabbit polyclonal 1:10,000 GAR-POX; Sigma, cat. #A6154 1:10,000 RIBEYE/CtBP2; BD Transduction Laboratories, cat. #612044 Mouse monoclonal 1:10,000 GAM-POX; Sigma, cat. #A3673 1:10,000 Antibodies used for immunolabeling GCAP2 6th immune serum Rabbit polyclonal 1:500 GAR-Cy3; Zymed, cat. #81-6115 1:1000 GCAP2(A1); Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat. #SC-59543 Mouse monoclonal 1:1000 GAM-Cy3; Rockland, cat. #610-104-121 1:1000 U2656 ( Schmitz et al., 2000 ) Rabbit polyclonal 1:1000 GAR-Cy2; Rockland, cat. #611-111-122 1:1000 RIBEYE/CtBP2; BD Transduction Laboratories, cat. #612044 Mouse monoclonal 1:500 GAM-Cy2; Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat. #115-096-146 1:1000 mGluR6; Neuromics/Acris, cat. #RA13105 Rabbit polyclonal 1:500 GAR-Cy3; Sigma, cat. #C 2821 1:1000 SV2 A; Synaptic Systems, cat. #119 00 2 Rabbit polyclonal 1:500 GAR-Cy2; Rockland, cat. #611-111-122 1:1000 Synaptophysin; Sigma, cat. #S5768 Mouse monoclonal 1:500 GAM-Cy2; Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat. #115-096-146 1:1000 Antibodies used for whole-mount immunostaining U2656 ( Schmitz et al., 2000 ) Rabbit polyclonal 1:500 GAR-Cy3; Zymed, cat. #81-6115 1:1000 Reagent used for PNA labeling Lectin PNA from Arachis hypogaea a Lectin PNA; Invitrogen cat. #L-21409 1:250 Open in a separate window Antibodies used for in situ proximity ligation assays are summarized in detail in Materials and Methods. cat., Catalog; GAR, goat anti-rabbit; GAM, goat anti-mouse; PNA, peanut agglutinin. a Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate.

Techniques: Labeling, Western Blot, Transduction, Immunolabeling, Immunostaining

Coimmunoprecipitation of RIBEYE and GCAP2 from the bovine retina. Aa, GCAP2 immune serum and GCAP2 preimmune serum were tested for their capability to coimmunoprecipitate RIBEYE. The experiments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12.5% polyacrylamide gels) followed by Western blotting (WB) with the indicated antibodies. RIBEYE is coimmunoprecipitated by GCAP2 immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by GCAP2 preimmune serum (lane 1). Ab, The same blot as in Aa but reprobed with rabbit polyclonal anti-GCAP2 antibodies. This blot shows the presence of GCAP2 precipitated by the immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by the preimmune serum (lane 1). Asterisks indicate the immunoglobulin heavy chains. B, RIBEYE immune serum and RIBEYE preimmune serum were tested for their capability to coimmunoprecipitate GCAP2. The experiments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12.5% polyacrylamide gels) followed by Western blotting with the indicated antibodies. GCAP2 is coimmunoprecipitated by RIBEYE immune serum (Ba, lane 2, arrowhead) but not by RIBEYE preimmune serum (Ba, lane 1). Bb, The same blot as in Ba but reprobed with polyclonal anti-RIBEYE (U2656). RIBEYE was immunoprecipitated by the RIBEYE immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by the RIBEYE preimmune serum (lane 1). Asterisks indicate the immunoglobulin heavy chains. Bc, The same blot as in Bb but reprobed with mouse monoclonal anti-CtBP2 antibodies which detect the B domain of RIBEYE. Similar to Bb, this blot also shows the presence of RIBEYE precipitated by the RIBEYE immune serum (lane 2) but not by the RIBEYE preimmune serum (lane 1). In addition to RIBEYE, an additional protein at ~50 kDa is present in the experimental precipitate (lane 2) but not in the control immunoprecipitate (lane 1). This 50 kDa band very likely is CtBP2 (Bc, lane 2, circle). Purified synaptic ribbons contain RIBEYE and CtBP1 but not CtBP2 (K.S. and F.S., unpublished data). In the input lanes (lane 3), 0.5% of total input was loaded in A, and 1% of total input in B. The immunoprecipitates are always 100%. In the input lanes (“bovine retina lysate”; A, B, lane 3), RIBEYE is only visible as a faint band because RIBEYE is not a major protein in the crude retinal lysate prepared as described in Materials and Methods, and only a limited amount of protein can be loaded on a single lane. The “bovine retina lysate” contains the Triton X-soluble supernatant after tissue extraction and spinning at 13,000 rpm (30 min, 4°C; see Materials and Methods). RIBEYE is strongly enriched in the experimental immunoprecipitates (Aa, Bb, Bc, lane 2). Lane 4 in Ab serves as positive control. In A, lane 4 is loaded with (total) bovine retina boiled in sample buffer; in B, lane 4 is loaded with purified synaptic ribbons. IP, Immunoprecipitation.

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca 2+ Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3701-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Coimmunoprecipitation of RIBEYE and GCAP2 from the bovine retina. Aa, GCAP2 immune serum and GCAP2 preimmune serum were tested for their capability to coimmunoprecipitate RIBEYE. The experiments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12.5% polyacrylamide gels) followed by Western blotting (WB) with the indicated antibodies. RIBEYE is coimmunoprecipitated by GCAP2 immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by GCAP2 preimmune serum (lane 1). Ab, The same blot as in Aa but reprobed with rabbit polyclonal anti-GCAP2 antibodies. This blot shows the presence of GCAP2 precipitated by the immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by the preimmune serum (lane 1). Asterisks indicate the immunoglobulin heavy chains. B, RIBEYE immune serum and RIBEYE preimmune serum were tested for their capability to coimmunoprecipitate GCAP2. The experiments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12.5% polyacrylamide gels) followed by Western blotting with the indicated antibodies. GCAP2 is coimmunoprecipitated by RIBEYE immune serum (Ba, lane 2, arrowhead) but not by RIBEYE preimmune serum (Ba, lane 1). Bb, The same blot as in Ba but reprobed with polyclonal anti-RIBEYE (U2656). RIBEYE was immunoprecipitated by the RIBEYE immune serum (lane 2, arrowhead) but not by the RIBEYE preimmune serum (lane 1). Asterisks indicate the immunoglobulin heavy chains. Bc, The same blot as in Bb but reprobed with mouse monoclonal anti-CtBP2 antibodies which detect the B domain of RIBEYE. Similar to Bb, this blot also shows the presence of RIBEYE precipitated by the RIBEYE immune serum (lane 2) but not by the RIBEYE preimmune serum (lane 1). In addition to RIBEYE, an additional protein at ~50 kDa is present in the experimental precipitate (lane 2) but not in the control immunoprecipitate (lane 1). This 50 kDa band very likely is CtBP2 (Bc, lane 2, circle). Purified synaptic ribbons contain RIBEYE and CtBP1 but not CtBP2 (K.S. and F.S., unpublished data). In the input lanes (lane 3), 0.5% of total input was loaded in A, and 1% of total input in B. The immunoprecipitates are always 100%. In the input lanes (“bovine retina lysate”; A, B, lane 3), RIBEYE is only visible as a faint band because RIBEYE is not a major protein in the crude retinal lysate prepared as described in Materials and Methods, and only a limited amount of protein can be loaded on a single lane. The “bovine retina lysate” contains the Triton X-soluble supernatant after tissue extraction and spinning at 13,000 rpm (30 min, 4°C; see Materials and Methods). RIBEYE is strongly enriched in the experimental immunoprecipitates (Aa, Bb, Bc, lane 2). Lane 4 in Ab serves as positive control. In A, lane 4 is loaded with (total) bovine retina boiled in sample buffer; in B, lane 4 is loaded with purified synaptic ribbons. IP, Immunoprecipitation.

Techniques: SDS Page, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Purification, Positive Control

GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor ribbon synapses (as analyzed by conventional epifluorescence microscopy). A–E, Immunolabeling of the bovine retina with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against GCAP2 (A–C) and mouse monoclonal antibodies against RIBEYE(B)/CtBP2 (B, C), or mouse monoclonal antibodies against GCAP2 (clone A1; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against RIBEYE (U2656) (D, E). Both the polyclonal (A–C) as well as the monoclonal (D) GCAP2 antibodies generated a strong immunolabel particularly in the inner segments (ISs) of bovine photoreceptor cells. In addition, the OPL that contains photoreceptor ribbon synapses is strongly labeled by the polyclonal (A–C) and monoclonal GCAP2 antibodies (D, E). The OPL, which is immunolabeled by the GCAP2 antibodies, is labeled by arrows in A and B. The GCAP2 immunosignal colocalized with synaptic ribbons, which were visualized by immunolabeling with RIBEYE antibodies (B–E, arrows). Strong immunosignals of GCAP2 were found at synaptic ribbons and in close vicinity to synaptic ribbons. Most, but not all, ribbons colocalized with GCAP2. The arrowhead in C denotes synaptic ribbons that were not associated with detectable amounts of GCAP2. F, The GCAP2 immunosignal in the OPL mostly colocalizes with the immunosignal of synaptophysin, a marker protein of synaptic vesicles highly enriched in the presynaptic terminals (arrow). Virtually identical results as described above for the bovine retina were also obtained for the mouse retina (Fig. 6; supplemental Fig. 8, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). OS, Outer segment; IPL, inner plexiform layer. Scale bars: A, B, D, 15 μm; C, E, F, 10 μm.

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca 2+ Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3701-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor ribbon synapses (as analyzed by conventional epifluorescence microscopy). A–E, Immunolabeling of the bovine retina with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against GCAP2 (A–C) and mouse monoclonal antibodies against RIBEYE(B)/CtBP2 (B, C), or mouse monoclonal antibodies against GCAP2 (clone A1; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against RIBEYE (U2656) (D, E). Both the polyclonal (A–C) as well as the monoclonal (D) GCAP2 antibodies generated a strong immunolabel particularly in the inner segments (ISs) of bovine photoreceptor cells. In addition, the OPL that contains photoreceptor ribbon synapses is strongly labeled by the polyclonal (A–C) and monoclonal GCAP2 antibodies (D, E). The OPL, which is immunolabeled by the GCAP2 antibodies, is labeled by arrows in A and B. The GCAP2 immunosignal colocalized with synaptic ribbons, which were visualized by immunolabeling with RIBEYE antibodies (B–E, arrows). Strong immunosignals of GCAP2 were found at synaptic ribbons and in close vicinity to synaptic ribbons. Most, but not all, ribbons colocalized with GCAP2. The arrowhead in C denotes synaptic ribbons that were not associated with detectable amounts of GCAP2. F, The GCAP2 immunosignal in the OPL mostly colocalizes with the immunosignal of synaptophysin, a marker protein of synaptic vesicles highly enriched in the presynaptic terminals (arrow). Virtually identical results as described above for the bovine retina were also obtained for the mouse retina (Fig. 6; supplemental Fig. 8, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). OS, Outer segment; IPL, inner plexiform layer. Scale bars: A, B, D, 15 μm; C, E, F, 10 μm.

Techniques: Epifluorescence Microscopy, Immunolabeling, Generated, Labeling, Marker

GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor ribbon synapses (as analyzed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy). A, B, Immunolabeling of the mouse retina with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against GCAP2 and mouse monoclonal antibodies against RIBEYE(B)/CtBP2 as analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons that are immunolabeled with antibodies against RIBEYE. Arrows point to examples of RIBEYE-labeled synaptic ribbons that are also immunoreactive for GCAP2. INL, inner nuclear layer. Scale bars: 5 μm.

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca 2+ Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3701-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor ribbon synapses (as analyzed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy). A, B, Immunolabeling of the mouse retina with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against GCAP2 and mouse monoclonal antibodies against RIBEYE(B)/CtBP2 as analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. GCAP2 colocalizes with synaptic ribbons that are immunolabeled with antibodies against RIBEYE. Arrows point to examples of RIBEYE-labeled synaptic ribbons that are also immunoreactive for GCAP2. INL, inner nuclear layer. Scale bars: 5 μm.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy, Immunolabeling, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Labeling

Overexpression of GCAP2 in photoreceptor terminals disassembles synaptic ribbons. A–D, Recombinant expression of either GCAP2-EGFP or EGFP in organotypic retina explant cultures. SLF virus efficiently infects photoreceptors in organotypical explant cultures of the retina. SLF-mediated GCAP2-EGFP (A–C) heterologous expression labels the entire photoreceptor from the inner segments to the synaptic terminals (arrows) in the OPL. As generally observed by us and other groups (Fischer et al., 2000; Perez-Leon et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2008), outer segments are absent from explant preparations. In analogy to GCAP2-EGFP expression, infection with EGFP-SLF virus also leads to labeling of the entire photoreceptor (D) in retina explant culture. Scale bars: A–D, 10 μm. E–Q, Three-dimensional reconstructions of individual optical stacks along the z-axis of SLF-virus-infected retina explant recorded with the Apotome (Zeiss). To visualize synaptic ribbons in GCAP2-EGFP- and EGFP-infected retina explants, samples were immunolabeled with polyclonal RIBEYE antibody (U2656; red signals). Synaptic ribbons are abundantly present in the OPL of the organotypical retina cultures (E–L, arrowheads) but absent from GCAP2-EGFP-expressing photoreceptor terminals (E–I, white arrows; J–Q, asterisks). E–I show lower magnifications of a three-dimensional reconstructed GCAP2-EGFP expressing photoreceptor from different angles to emphasize the lack of synaptic ribbons within the terminal (white arrows) without influencing the presence of synaptic ribbons (E, F, K, L, arrowheads) in the neighboring noninfected photoreceptors. The x, y, and z labeled arrows indicate the coordinate axes in the three dimensions and are scaled to represent the distance of 5 μm in each spacial direction. J–L, High magnifications of GCAP2-EGFP infected photoreceptor terminals. Although many synaptic ribbons (red signals; E, F, K, arrowheads) can be detected next to the GCAP2 virus-infected terminals (asterisks), no synaptic ribbons are present within the GCAP2-overexpressing terminals. The synaptic terminals are labeled by white arrows in E and F, and by asterisks in K and L. M–Q, Lack of synaptic ribbons within GCAP2-infected photoreceptor terminals is not caused by a cytopathic effect of virus infection as such, because terminals overexpressing EGFP alone do contain synaptic ribbons as visualized by the yellow color within the EGFP-expressing synaptic terminals (N–Q, arrowheads). Arrows in M–Q are synaptic ribbons that are located outside of virus-infected terminals. N, O, Views of the same infected, EGFP-expressing terminal as in M, but from different angles. IS, Inner segments; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Binding of the Neuronal Ca 2+ Sensor Protein GCAP2 to Photoreceptor Synaptic Ribbons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3701-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of GCAP2 in photoreceptor terminals disassembles synaptic ribbons. A–D, Recombinant expression of either GCAP2-EGFP or EGFP in organotypic retina explant cultures. SLF virus efficiently infects photoreceptors in organotypical explant cultures of the retina. SLF-mediated GCAP2-EGFP (A–C) heterologous expression labels the entire photoreceptor from the inner segments to the synaptic terminals (arrows) in the OPL. As generally observed by us and other groups (Fischer et al., 2000; Perez-Leon et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2008), outer segments are absent from explant preparations. In analogy to GCAP2-EGFP expression, infection with EGFP-SLF virus also leads to labeling of the entire photoreceptor (D) in retina explant culture. Scale bars: A–D, 10 μm. E–Q, Three-dimensional reconstructions of individual optical stacks along the z-axis of SLF-virus-infected retina explant recorded with the Apotome (Zeiss). To visualize synaptic ribbons in GCAP2-EGFP- and EGFP-infected retina explants, samples were immunolabeled with polyclonal RIBEYE antibody (U2656; red signals). Synaptic ribbons are abundantly present in the OPL of the organotypical retina cultures (E–L, arrowheads) but absent from GCAP2-EGFP-expressing photoreceptor terminals (E–I, white arrows; J–Q, asterisks). E–I show lower magnifications of a three-dimensional reconstructed GCAP2-EGFP expressing photoreceptor from different angles to emphasize the lack of synaptic ribbons within the terminal (white arrows) without influencing the presence of synaptic ribbons (E, F, K, L, arrowheads) in the neighboring noninfected photoreceptors. The x, y, and z labeled arrows indicate the coordinate axes in the three dimensions and are scaled to represent the distance of 5 μm in each spacial direction. J–L, High magnifications of GCAP2-EGFP infected photoreceptor terminals. Although many synaptic ribbons (red signals; E, F, K, arrowheads) can be detected next to the GCAP2 virus-infected terminals (asterisks), no synaptic ribbons are present within the GCAP2-overexpressing terminals. The synaptic terminals are labeled by white arrows in E and F, and by asterisks in K and L. M–Q, Lack of synaptic ribbons within GCAP2-infected photoreceptor terminals is not caused by a cytopathic effect of virus infection as such, because terminals overexpressing EGFP alone do contain synaptic ribbons as visualized by the yellow color within the EGFP-expressing synaptic terminals (N–Q, arrowheads). Arrows in M–Q are synaptic ribbons that are located outside of virus-infected terminals. N, O, Views of the same infected, EGFP-expressing terminal as in M, but from different angles. IS, Inner segments; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

Techniques: Over Expression, Recombinant, Expressing, Infection, Labeling, Immunolabeling

Primary and secondary antibodies used in this study

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Ablation of Retinal Horizontal Cells from Adult Mice Leads to Rod Degeneration and Remodeling in the Outer Retina

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0442-12.2012

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary and secondary antibodies used in this study

Article Snippet: mGluR6 , Rabbit anti-mGluR6 , Acris Antibodies , 1:1000.

Techniques: Recombinant

Ectopic synapses in retinae of horizontal cell-ablated mice. A, B, E, F, In treated control retinae, PKCα-positive dendrites of rod bipolar cells (green) terminated within the PSD-95-labeled rod spherules in the OPL (magenta; B, arrowhead). In Cx57+/DTR retinae, extending bipolar cell dendrites occasionally contacted retracting PSD-95-positive rod spherules in the ONL (F, arrowheads). C, D, G, H, Triple staining with antibodies against PKCα for rod bipolar cells (blue), CtBP2 for synaptic ribbons (magenta), and mGluR6 (green), the glutamate receptor subunit of ON bipolar cells. In controls, ribbons were always closely associated with mGluR6-positive tips on rod bipolar cell dendrites (D, arrowhead). In Cx57+/DTR retinae, the typical horseshoe-shaped structure of the ribbons was lost, but CtBP2 immunosignals were still present within the ONL and OPL. Also, in the ONL, we found sprouting dendrites decorated with mGluR6 puncta in close vicinity to CtBP2-positive ribbons (H, arrowheads). These structures were presumably ectopic synapses. I, J, A putative ectopic synapse in the ONL of a Cx57+/DTR retina 6 months after DT treatment. A bipolar cell dendrite contacted a vesicle-filled photoreceptor terminal (shorter arrows), in which a single synaptic ribbon is visible (long arrow). K, Horizontal cell-ablated mice showed ectopic ribbons surrounded by vesicles (long arrow) also close to the outer limiting membrane (short arrows). Scale bars: A–C, E–G, 10 μm; D, H, 5 μm; I, K, 1 μm; J, 250 nm.

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Ablation of Retinal Horizontal Cells from Adult Mice Leads to Rod Degeneration and Remodeling in the Outer Retina

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0442-12.2012

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ectopic synapses in retinae of horizontal cell-ablated mice. A, B, E, F, In treated control retinae, PKCα-positive dendrites of rod bipolar cells (green) terminated within the PSD-95-labeled rod spherules in the OPL (magenta; B, arrowhead). In Cx57+/DTR retinae, extending bipolar cell dendrites occasionally contacted retracting PSD-95-positive rod spherules in the ONL (F, arrowheads). C, D, G, H, Triple staining with antibodies against PKCα for rod bipolar cells (blue), CtBP2 for synaptic ribbons (magenta), and mGluR6 (green), the glutamate receptor subunit of ON bipolar cells. In controls, ribbons were always closely associated with mGluR6-positive tips on rod bipolar cell dendrites (D, arrowhead). In Cx57+/DTR retinae, the typical horseshoe-shaped structure of the ribbons was lost, but CtBP2 immunosignals were still present within the ONL and OPL. Also, in the ONL, we found sprouting dendrites decorated with mGluR6 puncta in close vicinity to CtBP2-positive ribbons (H, arrowheads). These structures were presumably ectopic synapses. I, J, A putative ectopic synapse in the ONL of a Cx57+/DTR retina 6 months after DT treatment. A bipolar cell dendrite contacted a vesicle-filled photoreceptor terminal (shorter arrows), in which a single synaptic ribbon is visible (long arrow). K, Horizontal cell-ablated mice showed ectopic ribbons surrounded by vesicles (long arrow) also close to the outer limiting membrane (short arrows). Scale bars: A–C, E–G, 10 μm; D, H, 5 μm; I, K, 1 μm; J, 250 nm.

Article Snippet: mGluR6 , Rabbit anti-mGluR6 , Acris Antibodies , 1:1000.

Techniques: Labeling, Staining

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1) Product Images from "A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation"

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